KML文件格式讲解

KML文件的定义及其在GOOGLE地图浏览器中的地位

基于文件的数据交换很早以来就是软件数据交换的主要方式之一。而KML文件就是一种在GOOGLE地图浏览器中用于交换地理数据的文件。它基于XML,并定义了一些TAG用于规定地理数据的显示方式。KML可用于定义的地理特征包括地点、描述、叠层、路径和多边形等。KML的用途主要有:

  1. 指定地点的图标和注记;
  2. 为每一个地理特征创建不同的视角位置;
  3. 在地球上叠放图像;
  4. 指定地理特征显示的样式;
  5. 编写地理特征的HTML描述,包括超链接和内嵌图像;
  6. 使用文件夹对地理特征进行群组;
  7. KML文件的动态获取及修改;
  8. 显示三维地物;

基本格式

基本格式的KML文件是指可以直接由Google Earth创建的KML文件,它包括地点标记、叠层、路线和多边形。下面分别介绍。

地点标记(Placemarks)

地点标记是Google Earth中最常用的地理特征,它使用一个黄色的图钉在地球表面标记一个位置。一个简单的地点标记的KML代码如下所示:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1">
    <Placemark>   
        <name>Simple placemark</name>   
            <description>Attached to the ground. Intelligently places itself
       at the height of the underlying terrain.
            </description>   
        <Point>     <coordinates>-122.0822035425683,37.42228990140251,0</coordinates>   
</Point> 
</Placemark>
</kml>

它包括以下几个部分:

  1. XML头:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
  2. KML命名空间定义:
  3. 地点标记对象,包括: 名称(name):用于对地点标记进行注记; 描述(description):对地点标记进行描述,“气球(ballon)”中的显示内容; 点(Point):指定地点标记的位置。

使用HTML描述地点标记

有两种方式来使用HTML描述地点标记,一种是直接在中的标记中写入标准HTTP超链接地址,如www.google.com,这样Google Earth 4.0及更高版本将利用Auto-Markup技术自动把它显示为超链接。另一种是使用CDATA元素在标记中写入自己的HTML标记语言,如下所示:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1">
    <Document>
    <Placemark>
      <name>CDATA example</name>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[
          <h1>CDATA Tags are useful!</h1>
          <p><font color="red">Text is <i>more readable</i> and
          <b>easier to write</b> when you can avoid using entity
          references.</font></p>
        ]]>
      </description>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>102.595626,14.996729</coordinates>
      </Point>
    </Placemark>
 </Document>
</kml>

当然,还有一种使用转义字符来表示特殊符号的方式,这就不需要CDATA元素,如下所示:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1">
 <Document>
    <Placemark>
      <name>Entity references example</name>
      <description>
               &lt;h1&gt;Entity references are hard to type!&lt;/h1&gt;
               &lt;p&gt;&lt;font color="green"&gt;Text is
          &lt;i&gt;more readable&lt;/i&gt;
          and &lt;b&gt;easier to write&lt;/b&gt;
          when you can avoid using entity references.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      </description>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>102.594411,14.998518</coordinates>
      </Point>
    </Placemark>
 </Document>
</kml>

叠层

叠层是覆盖在地球表面的图像。一个简单的叠层KML代码如下所示:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1">
<Folder>   
<name>Ground Overlays</name>   
<description>Examples of ground overlays</description>   
<GroundOverlay>     
<name>Large-scale overlay on terrain</name>     
<description>Overlay shows Mount Etna erupting on July 13th, 2001.</description>
<Icon>       
<href>http://code.google.com/apis/kml/documentation/etna.jpg</href>     
</Icon>     
<LatLonBox>       
<north>37.91904192681665</north>       
<south>37.46543388598137</south>       
<east>15.35832653742206</east>       
<west>14.60128369746704</west>       
<rotation>-0.1556640799496235</rotation>     
</LatLonBox>   
</GroundOverlay> 
</Folder>
</kml>

在 GroundOverlay 中,它包含两个较新的标记: Icon:指定图片的URL; LatLonBox:指定图片的位置和范围。 Google Earth支持JPEG,BMP, GIF, TIFF, TGA和PNG等格式的图像。

路线

在KML里面,路线由元素来创建。如下所示:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1">
<Document>   
<name>Paths</name>
<description>Examples of paths. Note that the tessellate tag is by default      set to 0. If you want to create tessellated lines, they must be authored      (or edited) directly in KML.</description>
<Style id="yellowLineGreenPoly">     
<LineStyle>       
<color>7f00ffff</color>       
<width>4</width>     
</LineStyle>     
<PolyStyle>       
<color>7f00ff00</color>     
</PolyStyle>   
</Style>
<Placemark>
<name>Absolute Extruded</name>     
<description>Transparent green wall with yellow outlines</description>      <styleUrl>#yellowLineGreenPoly</styleUrl>     
<LineString>       
<extrude>1</extrude>       
<tessellate>1</tessellate>       
<altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode>       
<coordinates>
-112.2550785337791,36.07954952145647,2357         
-112.2549277039738,36.08117083492122,2357         
-112.2552505069063,36.08260761307279,2357         
-112.2564540158376,36.08395660588506,2357         
-112.2580238976449,36.08511401044813,2357         
-112.2595218489022,36.08584355239394,2357         
-112.2608216347552,36.08612634548589,2357         
-112.262073428656,36.08626019085147,2357         
-112.2633204928495,36.08621519860091,2357         
-112.2644963846444,36.08627897945274,2357         
-112.2656969554589,36.08649599090644,2357
</coordinates>     
</LineString>
</Placemark> 
</Document>
</kml>

多边形

多边形由定义,包括,如下所示:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1">
<Placemark>   
<name>The Pentagon</name>   
<Polygon>     
<extrude>1</extrude>     
<altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode>     
<outerBoundaryIs>       
<LinearRing>         
<coordinates>           
-77.05788457660967,38.87253259892824,100            
-77.05465973756702,38.87291016281703,100            
-77.05315536854791,38.87053267794386,100            
-77.05552622493516,38.868757801256,100            
-77.05844056290393,38.86996206506943,100            
-77.05788457660967,38.87253259892824,100         
</coordinates>       
</LinearRing>     
</outerBoundaryIs>     
<innerBoundaryIs>        
<LinearRing>         
<coordinates>           
-77.05668055019126,38.87154239798456,100            
-77.05542625960818,38.87167890344077,100            
-77.05485125901024,38.87076535397792,100            
-77.05577677433152,38.87008686581446,100            
-77.05691162017543,38.87054446963351,100            
-77.05668055019126,38.87154239798456,100         
</coordinates>       
</LinearRing>     
</innerBoundaryIs>   
</Polygon> 
</Placemark>
</kml>

> KML例子

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